Band 8.5 Discussion Essays

Governments around the world are increasingly confronted with rising congestion and environmental degradation, both of which are closely tied to private vehicle use. While some argue that only substantial public investment in mass transit can address these issues effectively, others contend that individuals must make more responsible transport decisions. Both perspectives merit consideration, but a balanced approach combining systemic and personal action is ultimately the most sustainable. Those who support government-led intervention emphasize that large-scale transportation infrastructure is beyond the control of individual citizens. Efficient metro networks, rapid bus systems, and integrated cycling lanes require coordinated planning, long-term funding, and regulatory authority. Where such systems are robust and reliable, people naturally shift away from private cars. Cities like Singapore and Copenhagen demonstrate that when governments provide inexpensive, punctual, and comfortable public transit, traffic congestion decreases dramatically and air quality improves. Without this foundation, expecting individuals to forgo cars is unrealistic, as convenience and safety are often tied to the quality of available alternatives. On the other hand, advocates of individual responsibility argue that behavioural change is critical regardless of infrastructure. Even in cities with excellent public transport, many still choose to drive due to habit or social preference. Personal decisions—such as carpooling, walking short distances, or using bicycles—can collectively reduce emissions and road density. Moreover, individuals shape demand: when citizens voluntarily support greener transport options, governments are encouraged to expand and improve such services. Relying solely on public investment without corresponding shifts in personal habits may yield limited progress. In my view, solving the twin challenges of congestion and pollution requires active participation from both sides. Governments must ensure that low-carbon transport options are accessible, affordable, and efficient. Simultaneously, citizens must recognise the environmental cost of private vehicle dependence and make informed choices that align with broader sustainability goals. This reciprocal relationship maximises the impact of public spending and accelerates behavioural change. In conclusion, neither government investment nor individual responsibility alone can adequately reduce traffic and pollution. A coordinated strategy—strong public transit systems supported by conscious personal choices—offers the most effective path toward cleaner, less congested cities.